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HFSExplorer is an interesting application developed on Java which allows us to read Mac-formatted hard disks and disk images. It can read the file systems HFS (Mac OS Standard), HFS (Mac OS Extended) and HFSX (Mac OS Extended with case sensitive file names) including system files. External Link 1 is the download link for the 32-bit (x86) systems, while External Link 2 is for the 64-bit (x64) systems and External Link 3 for Intel Itanium CPU based computers. Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) is an important update that includes previou.

NTFS for Mac is macOS Big Sur compatible and already available for Apple Silicon

Full read-write access granted!

Microsoft NTFS is one of the primary file systems of Windows. If you work on a Mac computer and need to read or write files from HDD, SSD or a flash drive formatted under Windows, you need Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software.

Write, edit, copy, move and delete files on Microsoft NTFS volumes from your Mac! Fast, seamless, easy to use. Mount, unmount, verify, format or set any of your Microsoft NTFS volumes as a startup drive.

New! Ready for macOS 11.0 Big Sur

Write files to Microsoft NTFS drives on your Mac

Can't write, copy, edit or delete files on Microsoft NTFS-formatted drives from your Mac? It's because macOS has limited support for Windows volumes — that is, you can only read data, but can't write or delete anything. Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software provides blazing fast, unlimited read/write access to Microsoft NTFS hard drives, SSDs or thumb drives formatted for Windows computers!

  • A no-brainer upgrade for those installing macOS 10.14 Mojave, Paragon NTFS for Mac remains the best cross-platform utility money can buy, especially now that it plays nice with Apple's new dark mode.

    MacWorld US, Editors' Choice 2018
    www.macworld.com

  • Whether you're a hardcore Boot Camp user or just need to occasionally write to Windows-formatted media, this update keeps things working at peak performance…

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  • Running a Mac and having NTFS formatted external disks, you definitely need NTFS for Mac. It is well priced <…> and enables read and write access to your NTFs drives no matter what size. The speed at which you can read and write the data on these drives is the best of any competitor if there really is one. Anyone who needs to use Mac and Windows computers, needs this app for easy data transfer. The interface is best of any application found, and the application itself offers additional drive tools for taking full control. The latest version also supports Mojave and APFS format to complete a perfect application. It is without real competition and deserves a full 5 star award. This utility makes your external storage usable on any computer system Windows or Mac. So your data remains interchangeable and is fully adapted for macOS MOJAVE.

    MacSoftReview
    www.macsoftreview.com
    September 2018

  • Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is a great upgrade to an exceptional cross-platform utility that's easily worth the money, especially if you own the previous version 14, in which case this one's free.
    The user interface is tastefully designed, with buttons for mounting, unmounting, verifying, or erasing the selected volume. Dual-boot users also have the option to reboot into a compatible mounted Mac or Windows startup volume. There's even a lovely color-coded space indicator like the one introduced with Mac OS X El Capitan, displaying content by Audio, Video, Apps, Images, and Other categories.

    MacWorld, USA, August 2017,
    macworld.com

  • Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software, the excellent third-party file system driver that enables writing to Windows-formatted volumes at native speeds.

    MacWorld, USA, June 2017,
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  • Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is the best such software solution: reliable, fast, and now affordable as well…
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    MacWorld, USA 2016,
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  • A very specialized product that does its job in a very unobtrusive way. You just install it and it works. When you plug an NTFS disk into your Mac, it just mounts on the desktop like any other disk, and when you copy a file to it, it just works, no muss, no fuss. This utility is also invaluable if you find yourself in a situation where you need to format a disk as NTFS, and it performs this task with an equal lack of drama

    Apple Press, DVMUG

  • Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is an essential installation for anyone working with Macs and PCs, as it helps to break down the barriers that exist between the two operating systems

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  • It'll install cleanly and easily on macOS 10.12 Sierra and 'just work', so it's a good option

    How-to-Geek

  • Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software does exactly what we expect from it, by offering a seamless NTFS disk management. It's good performances even allow working directly on the Windows partition, including for heavy applications such as video or photo processing.

    mac4ever.com

  • WOW….Ive been struggling with the whole MAC/Windows NTFS issue for some time and have a number of external drives that I need to swap between Mac/PC all the time. I've always had a headache with NTFS drivers etc. I bought and downloaded your Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software today and WOW. Amazing. Everything just works. Brilliant product. Worth every penny. Thank you.

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  • It is pretty fast with NTFS transfers (slightly slower than OSX extended partitions obviously) and I've never had any problems mid-transfer or anything. For me, it's always done what it said on the box, and now with V14 it's got El Capitan compatibility, so no complaints here. If you're looking for a way to have plug-and-play NTFS drives on your mac, there really isn't a better alternative to Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software. Highly recommended for all Mac users!

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  • If you have a Mac and you need to access volumes that are formatted NTFS, this is the best solution out there. Why Apple hasn't just baked in support for NTFS after all these years still remains a mystery. I've been using Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software for several years now and have never had any problems with it.

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Blazing Fast

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is up to six times faster than any of its closest commercial competitors!

Fully Compatible

Supports macOS Big Sur
and older macOS
See Specifications

Powerful Features

Safe data transfer, hassle-free work, easy to use, seamless user experience

How it Works

Simple as 1-2-3

Install

Download and install Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software onto your Mac.

Done!

Microsoft NTFS volumes connected to your Mac are available in the Finder.

All operations just a click away!

If you need more than just a blazing fast and reliable Microsoft NTFS driver, our lightweight menubar and full-featured Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software apps are always at your service.

Access all of your Microsoft NTFS drives and perform the most common volume operations like mount, unmount and verify.

Quickly restart your Mac in Windows from the menubar (assuming it's installed on your mounted Microsoft NTFS drive).

Seamless User Experience

If you've ever used Apple's Disk Utility, you already know how to use Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software. If you haven't, it will only take a few moments to get acquainted.

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software takes the best of Apple's Disk Utility and moves it to the next level, augmenting Microsoft NTFS volume operations and advanced mount options.

Mounting is entirely under your control with advanced options

Download Hfs For Mac Catalina

Mount in Read-Only: select this option if you need to access sensitive data without modifying any files.

Do not mount automatically: select this option if you want to manually control access to a volume.

Outstanding performance at blazing fast speed

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software
is the fastest file system driver on the market:

6x times faster*

than competing solutions

*Tested on 2016 MacBook Pro with SSD drive, view benchmarks here.

Fresh review: check out the video review by European Motion Picture Association.

Latest award: 5-star review of the Mojave-ready edition.

Features

Features

Benefits

Supported Operating Systems

  • macOS Big Sur
  • macOS Catalina
  • macOS Mojave
  • macOS High Sierra
  • macOS Sierra

Supported File Systems

All Microsoft NTFS versions are supported (from Windows NT 3.1 to Windows 10).

The Best Free Gadgets & Widgets app downloads for Mac: iStat pro App Store Preview Flappy Bird Time Machine Temperature Monitor Widget Brightness iSta. Apple is seeking to rectify this in Big Sur by making widgets universal - so that if a developer has created a widget for the iPhone or iPad that same widget will be able to be used on the Mac. Widget for mac.

Write Access

When a volume is mounted in write mode, you can do everything with the files and folders it contains: read, edit, delete, rename, create new.

Automount

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software mounts supported volumes automatically at startup, so you don't need to worry each time you restart the operating system or power your computer on. However, this feature can be disabled at any time in the program interface.

Volume Management

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software easily formats, checks integrity and repairs corrupted volumes.

Internationalization

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software supports all alphabets supported by your operating systems, including those that use non-Roman and non-Latin characters, so you will never face the problem of not getting access to file names on volumes mounted in non-native OS.

Compatible with Apple Boot Camp

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is fully compatible with Apple Boot Camp software and provides direct read and write access to Mac partitions from Windows installed on Boot Camp.

Compatible with 3rd party software

Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is compatible with popular virtualization and encryption applications including VMware Fusion and Workstation, Parallels Desktop, TrueCrypt and its forks.

Paragon Technology Center

Want to learn more about the technology behind Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software? Check out the Paragon Technology Portal!

Frequently Asked Questions

Could I try your product for free before buying?
Sure, you can try Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software for ten days completely for free. After that it will be locked until you activate a purchased license.
I'm a user of a Seagate or Western Digital device with pre-installed NTFS for Mac. How can I get my update?
You are eligible for a special update for you current version of Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software. Please contact our Support Service at support@paragon-software.com to reclaim your update.
Does it work with macOS 11.0 Big Sur?
Yes, Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software works with the latest available macOS versions (incl. macOS Big Sur Public Beta).
How can I get the update if I have bought the previous version of Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software?
Please, visit your MyParagon account. If an update is released, you will be able to download it there.
What operations do you mean saying 'Full read/write access'?
You can perform create/read/modify/copy/delete operations as usual.
What data transfer rate I will get using Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software?
The data transfer rate is fully the same as with the native macOS file system. There you can see the statistics.
What versions and features of the Microsoft NTFS file system are supported?
Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software supports ALL the versions of NTFS (from Windows NT 3.1 to Windows 10). Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software is able to get access to compressed files and folders, it has no problems with sparse files and enables all the needed operations with files and folders with security permissions.
Is BootCamp supported?
Yes, we completely support all BootCamp configurations.
What should I do if I have OS X 10.9 but Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software doesn't support OS older than 10.10?
Please follow steps below.
  1. Uninstall Microsoft NTFS for Mac 15 by Paragon Software.
  2. Restart Mac.
  3. Download Microsoft NTFS for Mac 14 by Paragon Software from your MyParagon Account.
  4. Install it.
  5. Restart Mac.
Can I re-activate my license on another Mac?
Sure. Please re-activate the product following the steps below.
  1. Log in to MyParagon portal.
  2. Find your product in the list of My Products, then click 'Show details', press 'Release license'.
  3. License status will be marked as 'Not in use': article in Paragon Knowledge Base.
  4. Then activate your product again.
How many times can I re-activate my license?
You can re-activate it 4 times. If you need to re-activate your license more than 4 times, please contact our Support or file a support ticket and we will help you to release the counter of licenses.
It doesn't work! My Microsoft NTFS drive is not recognized by macOS, even after installing Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software.
First of all, please check that Activate/Buy buttons are shown, and (if you have started the trial period) that you see 'X days left' message. Then check NTFS for Mac Preferences and make sure that the driver is enabled. If it did not work, please check the troubleshooting guide.
I frequently work with NTFS, HFS+, APFS-formatted partitions on my Mac and Windows PC. Can I get a discount, if I buy all drivers at once?
Yes, you can purchase our new Paragon Mac ToolBox for just $39.95. The Suite contains 4 tools to guarantee seamless cross-platform data exchange and disk space management:
  • Microsoft NTFS for Maс by Paragon Software
  • APFS for Windows by Paragon Software
  • HFS+ for Windows by Paragon Software
  • Paragon CampTune

Ensure multi-platform access - activate required file system drivers based on your IT park, regardless of OS, in any proportion.

Resources

Current Version

Download Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software

Product Documentation

Microsoft exchange for mac download. Change the password for your Exchange, Hotmail, Gmail, Outlook.com, or Yahoo account. Skip to main content. Outlook for Microsoft 365 for Mac Outlook 2016 for Mac Outlook 2019 for Mac More. On the Tools tab. Set up Exchange account access using Outlook for Mac. If you have Outlook for Mac, you can use it to access your Exchange account. See Add an email account to Outlook for instructions. Set up Exchange account access using Mac OS X 10.10 or later. If you're running Mac OS X version 10.10 or later, follow these steps to set up an Exchange email. Cause: Outlook is offline. Solution: Verify that Outlook is online. On the Outlook menu, make sure that Work Offline is not checked. Cause: Outlook is not connected to the server that is running Microsoft Exchange Server. Solution: Check your Microsoft Exchange server connection. On the Tools ribbon, choose Accounts. Microsoft 365 for Mac. Do your best work with Office apps in Microsoft 365—anywhere, anytime, with anyone. For home For business Get Office apps for Mac. Start quickly with the most recent versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, OneNote and OneDrive —combining the familiarity of Office and the unique Mac features you love. Exchange Online is a hosted solution that you can get by itself or with a Microsoft 365 subscription. Exchange Server 2019 is an on-premises solution. See plans & pricing Call us. Speak with a sales agent to learn more. Available M-F from 6:00AM to 6:00PM PT.

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Latest review

European Motion Picture Association (EURMPA) reviews Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Paragon Software. Watch the videos!

NTFS for Mac build for Apple Silicon

Apple has announced a two-year transition to ARM-based processors known as 'Apple Silicon.' Since the new Apple Silicon-based Mac computers are just around the corner, we proactively took on this project. We are delighted to offer Mac users our new NTFS for Mac build for Apple Silicon, which is available for download below.

This offer may be of particular interest for Developer Transition Kit users. If you currently participate in the Universal App Quick Start Program or are just planning to enroll, right now you can download and begin using the new NTFS for Mac build for Apple Silicon on your DTKs.

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fullpacprod.netlify.com › ▆ File Systems : Hierarchical File System (hfs, For Mac

Filesystems HOWTO: Macintosh Hierarchical Filesystem - HFS All Macintosh storage devices except floppy disks are partitioned into one or more volumes. Volumes can contain four kinds of items: files, directories, directory threads and file threads. Each item is described by a catalog record which is analogous to a Unix inode. Catalog records are organized in the on-disk catalog B-Tree.

Stands for 'Hierarchical File System.' HFS is the file system used for organizing files on a Macintosh hard disk. When a hard disk is formatted for a Macintosh computer, the hierarchical file system is used to create a directory that can expand as new files and folders are added to the disk.

Directory contents are derived from searching the catalog B-Tree. Only a file can occupy space outside of its catalog record. A Macintosh 'file' contains two components, or forks. The resource fork is an indexed file containing code segments, menu items, dialog boxes, etc.

The data fork has the 'stream of bytes' semantics of a Unix file contents. Each fork is comprised of one or more extents or contiguous runs of blocks.

An extent descriptor encodes an extent's starting block and length into a 32bit quantity. The first extent record (three extent descriptors) of each fork is a part of the file's catalog record. Any further extent records are kept in the extents overflow B-Tree.

In addition to file and B-Tree extents a volume also contains two boot blocks, a volume information block, and a free space bitmap. There is a remarkable amount of redundancy in the on diskdata structures which improves crash recovery. While not strictly a part of the filesystem, it should be noted that several catalog record fields are reserved for the exclusive use of Finder, a program which handles user access to the filesystem and automatically maintains associations between applications and data files. Thus, HFS must also maintain this Finder info. Every file and directory on an HFS volume has an identification number, similar to an inode number in the Unix filesystem. However, a file or directory is named by its parent's identification number and the file or directory's file name, which is a 32 character string that can contain nulls. This combination is the search key to the volume's catalog B-Tree.

The catalog B-Tree differs from a traditional B-Tree structure in that all the nodes at each level of the B-Tree are linked together to form a doubly linked list and all of the records are in the leaf nodes. These variations permit accessing many items in the same directory by traversing the leaves using the linked list. Strictly speaking, the HFS B-Trees are a variant of B+-Trees although Apple's technical documentation calls them B.-Trees. Each directory, including the root directory, contains its directory thread, which has the empty filename.

The directory thread record contains the name of the directory and the id of the parent of the directory. Similarly, filethreads contain the name of a file and the id of the directory they are in. While every directory must contain a directory thread, file threads are very uncommon. In fact, both are examples of HFS redundancy - for undamaged trees, threads are not strictly necessary. Both file and directory records contain 32 bytes of information used by Finder. The first three extent descriptors for the catalog B-Tree are kept in the volume information block.

If the catalog B-Tree file grows beyond three extents, the remaining extent descriptors are kept in the extents overfow. HFS and HFS+ (also called Sequoia) filesystems are well documented. The best source of tech. Information about HFS can be found in the Inside Macintosh series of books. The HFS+ filesystem is described in Technote 1150, available online at. A lot of information is available also in other technotes.

This links are collected by Paul H. Hargrove:.

HFS Ruminations. Hey, Buddy, Can You Spare A Block?. Alias Manager Q&As. File Manager File Handling Q&As. File Manager Volume Handling Q&As.

Bizarre Extension Loading Order: BackQuote Sorts Between 'A' and 'B'. Finder Q&As.

Homepage:. Author: Paul. Hargrove.

Freshmeat:. License: GPL.

Homepage:. Author: Marcus Better HFS/2 lets OS/2 users seamlessly read and write files on diskettes formatted with the Hierarchical File System, the file system used by Macintosh computers. With HFS/2, Macintosh diskettes can be used just as if they were regular diskettes.

This program is no longer being developed, because author doesn't use OS/2. If you are willing to maintain the program, let him know.

Homepage:. Author: Lauri Pesonen. Access: R/W access to floppies, Zip disks and virtual volume files. Read access to HFS and hybrid CD's.

License: GPL An HFS volume browser for Windows NT and Windows 9x based on hfsutils. Launch pad support for all major Macintosh emulators running on Windows. Author: Paul E. Thomson. Download:.

Access: Read-Only. License: Shareware ($34) Mac-ette is a PC utility which can read, write, format and duplicate Macintosh HFS format 1.4 Meg diskettes on a PC equipped with a 3.5 inch high density diskette drive.

Homepage:. Author: Robert Leslie. OS/2 port: The hfsutils package contains a set of command-line utilities such as hformat, hmount, hdir, hcopy, etc. They allow read-write access of files and directories on HFS volumes.

Tech report:. Author: Peter A.

Dinda, George C. Necula, and Morgan Price. Download:. Access: Read/Write, full open/read/write/seek/close support. License: Free for noncommercial and nonmilitary use, see This is a Macintosh file system library which is portable to a variety of operating systems and platforms.

It presents a programming interface sufficient for creating a user level API as well as file system drivers for operating systems that support them. Authors implemented and tested such a user level API and utility programs based on it as well as an experimental Unix Virtual File System.

File Systems : Hierarchical File System (hfs For Mac Download

They also describe the Macintosh Hierarchical File System and their implementation and note that the design is not well suited to reentrancy and that its complex data structures can lead to slow implementations in multiprogrammed environments. Performance measurements show that our implementation is faster than the native Macintosh implementation at creating, deleting, reading and writing files with small request sizes, but slower than the Berkeley Fast File System (FFS.) However, the native Macintosh implementation can perform large read and write operations faster that either our implementation or FFS.

Macintosh File Systems Your Macintosh computer needs fast and easy access a tremendous amount of information in order to function and perform its various tasks. In particular, it must be able to access the system files, application programs, and other data as you work. This data may be stored on a variety of physical devices, including hard drives, floppy drives, CD-ROMs, memory cards, etc. In order to provide a consistent interface to these various physical devices the Macintosh File Systems were developed.

To fully understand and appreciate how your Macintosh works and some of the things that may go wrong with it, you need to have some understanding of the Macintosh File Systems. Although this is a complex and somewhat technical subject, a general overview of the file systems will make you a more informed Macintosh user. In particular, the importance of preventative maintenance and backups should become apparent. You will also gain a better understanding of what is going on with your computer and drives when problems do develop. The two most common Macintosh File Systems are the original Hierarchical File System Standard (HFS Standard or HFS) and the newer Hierarchical File System Extended (HFS Extended, HFS Plus, or HFS+). The original HFS file system was developed in the days of the original 400K floppy disk.

At that time a 20 MB hard drive was considered a huge storage device. The HFS Extended format was developed primarily to make more efficient use of storage space on large drives. It is now the format most commonly used on the Macintosh and the format that we will focus on here. However, before delving into HFS Extended we will need to introduce a few basic concepts. To allow computers to work in a consistent way with a variety of physical devices, a number of abstractions have been developed. Perhaps the most basic is the bit.

A bit is the smallest unit of information that can be accessed by a computer and can be represented as a 0 or a 1. It may be stored in different devices in different ways.

For example, a bit on a hard disk drive is stored as a magnetic trace, whereas on a CD-ROM it is stored as a pit on the disk. Within the computer circuitry a bit may be simply a pulse of electricity. Larger chunks of information are the byte and the word. A byte is simply eight bits and a word is two bytes.

All information in the computer is encoded in the form of bits, bytes, and words. The data storage device has been abstracted as a logical device called a volume. The computer recognizes a volume as one 'device'. It may actually be a floppy disk, one partition on a hard drive, a CD-ROM drive, etc. Note that one physical device, such as a single hard drive that has been partitioned, can be seen as multiple volumes by the file system.

Data is stored on volumes in the form of files. A file is simply a named collection of bits. It may contain representations of user data, system data, programs, or even the structures used to keep track of where other files are stored. Macintosh files are currently split into two parts called forks–the data fork and the resource fork. It is possible for either fork to contain no data.

Both HFS and HFS Extended are specifications for how data and the information necessary to retrieve that data are stored on volumes. Volumes are divided into 512 byte logical blocks called sectors.

Download Hfs For Mac Download

The sector is an abstraction from the 'sector' of a disk platter. The typical hard drive platter is divided into sectors of 512 bytes.

Sectors are numbered from 0 and continuing to the last one on the volume. Space on a volume is allocated as a group of consecutive sectors called an allocation block. The size of the allocation block is set at the time the volume is initialized. The most common allocation block size is 4 K (8 sectors). There can be at most 2^32 allocation blocks on a volume.

The file system attempts to provide allocation blocks for a file in a fixed size group called a clump. A larger clump size tends to decrease file fragmentation, but can result in wasted space being left at the end of the file. Finally, a series of contiguous allocation blocks that store a file on a volume is called an extent of the file. The first block on a physical disk contains the driver descriptor map. This holds information about the number and location of drivers on the disk. The second block begins the disk's partition map. It specifies the start, length, and type of each partition (volume).

The partition type may be HFS+, AU/X, MS-DOS, etc. The partition map is itself a partition and holds an entry for itself.

The device driver (if present) is typically located after the partition map. Finally, the partitions themselves typically fill the remainder of the disk space. A number of data structures work together to keep track of data on HFS Extended volumes. These include the following:.

Download Hfs For Mac

Volume Header. Catalog File. Extents File. Attributes File. Allocation File.

Startup File These structures will be described in more detail below. They each consist of one or more allocation blocks. Volume Header The HFS Extended Volume Header contains critical information about the volume as a whole. It corresponds to the Master Directory Block (MDB) of an HFS volume. A partial list of the information stored in the Volume Header includes:.

location and size of the other volume structure components. total number of folders and files on the drive. size of the allocation blocks in bytes. total number of allocation blocks on the volume.

next free allocation block. default clump size for data and resource forks. next unusued catalog ID number. date/time of the volume's creation and last modification. language to use to display file and folder names. whether the volume is write-protected The Volume Header is always located at the volume's second sector.

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Note that this may not be the actual second physical sector on a physical disk. Because the data in the Volume Header is so important, a copy of it is kept at the second to last sector on the volume. This is called the Alternate Volume Header. It is one of the few pieces of data on a volume that may not reside in an allocation block. This could occur if the second to last sector falls outside an allocation block.

The Alternate Volume Header may be used by disk utilities such as TechTool Pro in the case of damage to the main Volume Header. The Volume Header may become corrupt if the computer quits unexpectedly and the Volume Header has not been properly updated. This could also happen if a bad block were to develop in the Volume Header. If both the Volume Header and the Alternate Volume Header are incorrect, this can pose a challenge for repair utilities.

Such damage may not be repairable. If the corruption to the Volume Header is severe enough, it may not even be possible to access data on the drive using standard software.

B-Trees The Catalog file, Extents file, and Attributes file all make use of a data structure called a B-tree (Balanced tree) to store their information. A B-tree is a data structure specifically designed for fast retrieval of information.

Using B-trees in the volume structures allows the File System to locate data on a volume containing hundreds of thousands of files in a reasonable length of time. A B-tree file contains a series of nodes. Each node contains records. A record contains a key used to identify the record and also some data. The keys are unique and ordered so that the particular key for an individual record can be located via a search.

The data may include pointers (links) to other nodes as well as other data associated with that particular key. The nodes give the B-tree its structure and come in four types:. header node (the entry point into the tree). map node (holds allocation data if the map record in the header gets full). index node (holds pointer records). leaf node (holds the data associated with a key) A node has the following structure: The node descriptor indicates the type of node, the number of records it contains, where it belongs in the tree, and contains links to previous or next nodes.

A simple B-tree is illustrated below: In the above example it is clear that it will only be necessary to search at most three nodes to find the record associated with any key. Damage to a B-tree may occur in the key field, pointer field, or data field. If damage occurs in a key field, then a record or whole sub-tree may not be able to be found. If in the data field of an index node (a pointer), then the sub-tree pointed to could be orphaned. Finally, if damage occurs to the data field of a leaf node, then the actual data itself for that key would be invalid.

The type of damage to the file system will depend on whether the B-tree is holding the Catalog, Extents, or Attributes data and also on which type of node is damaged. Catalog File One of the most important files of the volume structures is the Catalog file. The Catalog file keeps track of the hierarchy of files and folders on a volume. The first extent of the Catalog file is stored in the Volume Header. This means that the Catalog header, or entry point into the Catalog, is stored in the Volume Header.

If the Volume Header is damaged, then the Catalog Header may not be able to be found and it may not be possible to even locate the Catalog file. Each file and folder in the Catalog file is assigned a unique identifier called the Catalog Node ID or CNID. For a file this is called the File ID and for a folder the Folder ID.

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For each file or folder the Parent ID is the CNID of the folder containing that item. Some important reserved CNID's follow:. 1–parent ID of the root folder. 2–CNID of the root folder. 3–CNID of the Extents file.

4–CNID of the Catalog file itself. 5–CNID of the bad block file (a special file described below).

Download Hfs For Mac Os

6–CNID of the Allocation file. 7–CNID of the Startup file. 8–CNID of the Attributes file Every B-tree record must contain a key in order for the file system to be able to traverse the tree and locate that record.





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